Luster: The free electrons can absorb photons in the "sea," so metals are opaque-looking.Heat capacity: This is explained by the ability of free electrons to move about the solid.The protons may be rearranged but the sea of electrons with adjust to the new formation of protons and keep the metal intact. Malleability and Ductility: The sea of electrons surrounding the protons act like a cushion, and so when the metal is hammered on, for instance, the over all composition of the structure of the metal is not harmed or changed.This model assumes that the valence electrons do not interact with each other. For example: metallic cations are shown in green surrounded by a "sea" of electrons, shown in purple. In this model, the valence electrons are free, delocalized, mobile, and not associated with any particular atom. In the 1900's, Paul DrĂ¼de came up with the sea of electrons theory by modeling metals as a mixture of atomic cores (atomic cores = positive nuclei + inner shell of electrons) and valence electrons. Metals that are ductile can be drawn into wires, for example: copper wire.Metals that are malleable can be beaten into thin sheets, for example: aluminum foil.Their physical properties include a lustrous (shiny) appearance, and they are malleable and ductile. Metals have several qualities that are unique, such as the ability to conduct electricity, a low ionization energy, and a low electronegativity (so they will give up electrons easily, i.e., they are cations).
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